Ecosystems & Biodiversity Conservation

Ecology investigates the complex interactions between biotic communities and abiotic environments across diverse biomes. Energy transfers through trophic levels following Raymond Lindeman's Ten Percent Law, where roughly 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic tier to the next. Biodiversity is concentrated in 36 globally recognized Biodiversity Hotspots, defined by Norman Myers as areas possessing at least 1,500 endemic vascular plant species that have lost 70% or more of their primary habitat; four hotspots extend into India: the Western Ghats, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and Sundaland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List of Threatened Species to track global extinction risks.