Government Institutions & Commissions Module
Constitutional Bodies of India
Constitutional bodies derive their powers, mandates, and operational autonomy directly from explicit articles in the Constitution of India. The Election Commission of India (Article 324) superintends, directs, and conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice President. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (Article 148) audits public revenue and expenditure as the custodian of the public purse. The Union Public Service Commission (Articles 315-323) conducts recruitment examinations for All India and Central Services. Furthermore, the Finance Commission (Article 280), constituted every five years by the President, recommends vertical and horizontal sharing of net tax proceeds.
Key Concepts & Examination Highlights
- The Election Commission of India (ECI) is established under Article 324 of the Constitution; since 1993, it has functioned as a multi-member body consisting of the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.
- The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is mandated under Article 148; reports submitted by the CAG under Article 151 are examined by the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) of Parliament.
- The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under Article 280 every fifth year to recommend the devolution of central taxes to state governments.
- The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is constituted under Article 315; members are appointed by the President and hold office for a 6-year term or until age 65 under Article 316.
Curriculum & Reference Sources: Constitution of India (Articles 148, 280, 315, 324), Election Commission of India, and CAG of India.