Classical & Folk Dance Traditions of India
Indian dance traditions are rooted in the ancient Sanskrit treatise Natya Shastra attributed to Sage Bharata, which establishes foundational principles of Nritta (pure dance), Nritya (expressive dance), and Natya (dramatic storytelling). The Sangeet Natak Akademi officially recognizes eight classical dance forms: Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (Northern India), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Odissi (Odisha), Sattriya (Assam), Manipuri (Manipur), and Mohiniyattam (Kerala). These classical forms employ standardized mudras (hand gestures), rasas (emotional states), and abhinaya (facial expressions). Alongside classical styles, India boasts vibrant regional folk dances such as Garba (Gujarat), Bihu (Assam), Bhangra (Punjab), Lavani (Maharashtra), and Chhau (eastern tribal belts).
Key Concepts & Examination Highlights
- Bharatanatyam originated as 'Sadir Natyam' performed by Devadasis in the temples of Tamil Nadu and was revived by Rukmini Devi Arundale.
- Sattriya was created in the 15th century CE by the Vaishnavite saint-reformer Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva in Assam's Sattras (monasteries).
- Kathakali is renowned for elaborate facial makeup (vesham) using natural pigments and dramatic eye movements depicting epics.
- Chhau dance, recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage, is performed in Purulia (WB), Seraikela (Jharkhand), and Mayurbhanj (Odisha).