Mughal Empire & Maratha Power
The Mughal Empire, founded by Babur following the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE, centralized authority across northern and central India. Under Akbar (r. 1556–1605 CE), the empire established the Mansabdari administrative hierarchy, the Dahsala revenue assessment system formulated by Raja Todar Mal, and a policy of religious synthesis reflected in Sulh-i-Kul and the Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri. Architecture and painting reached monumental heights under Jahangir and Shah Jahan. However, imperial expansion into the Deccan under Aurangzeb triggered fierce resistance from regional powers, most notably the Maratha kingdom established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1674 CE, which later expanded across central and western India under the Peshwas.
Key Concepts & Examination Highlights
- Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526, utilizing artillery and the Tulughma tactical formation.
- Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in 1571 CE, categorizing civil-military officials by Zat (personal rank) and Sawar (cavalry contingent).
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was coronated as Chhatrapati at Raigad Fort in 1674 CE, establishing the Ashtapradhan council of ministers.
- The Third Battle of Panipat on January 14, 1761, pitted the Maratha forces under Sadashivrao Bhau against Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan.