Indian Polity & Constitution — Governance, Fundamental Rights & Judiciary

The Indian constitutional system establishes the institutional architecture of the world’s largest democracy, grounded in the Constitution of India adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. Structuring a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, it balances a federal framework with unitary features through a bicameral Union Parliament, an executive headed by the President and Prime Minister, and an integrated, independent judiciary led by the Supreme Court. Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Part III and Directive Principles of State Policy under Part IV balance individual civil liberties with socio-economic welfare objectives. Democratic decentralisation is cemented by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments establishing Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies, while independent constitutional authorities like the Election Commission and Comptroller and Auditor General uphold institutional accountability.